C H A T T E R H E A L T H
Human Bodily Systems
The Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory, and Nervous systems explained by Aleena, Ashton, and Raima!
Disclaimer
For some reason there is a glitch that leaves a lot of space above the cover page, and we are aware of this. Also, these are NOT the only systems in the body, but we are only covering these 5. :)
Digestive
What is The Digestive System?
- Living organisms obtain energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. However, before our body’s cells can use the energy, the digestive system needs to break them down into small enough parts for the cells to use. To get food particles to reach their smallest possible state, there are two types of digestion tactics. The first is Mechanical Digestion. This involves the physical breakdown of material into very small pieces. The second is Chemical Digestion. This is the breakdown of larger particles into smaller particles using enzymes.
How Does it Work?
- The mouth and esophagus start the digestion process, by using teeth and saliva to mechanically digest food particles. There are three pairs of salivary glands, located in the tissue of the mouth. Saliva contains water for moisture and making food easier to swallow, as well as an enzyme called saliva amylase, which further chemically digests the food being consumed.
- Once done chewing, the tongue pushes the food down the throat, and the epiglottis moves and covers the trachea, so food in funneled down the esophagus. The action of food moving towards the stomach is called peristalsis (the contraction of muscle tissue that lines the esophagus). Bands of muscle tissue line the remainder of the digestive system and they push food along towards the excretory organs.
What is The Digestive System Composed of?
- Mouth and esophagus: mechanical digestion, and swallowing of material. Stomach: chemical digestion using gastric juices. Small intestine, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, and Large intestine
How Does The Digestive System React to Stimuli?
- When you smell, see, or think of food, the first hormonal response from the brain is to produce saliva. Simultaneous to this, the stomach also produces hydrochloric acid to process the food.
What is so Interesting About The Digestive System?
- I think the most interesting thing about the digestive system is how they find essential nutrients from the junk food that we eat.
Respiratory
- A set of organs found in plants and animals that engages in the gas exchange process. The respiratory organs can vary depending on the size, environment, and history of the organism.
How Does it Work?
- If the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide isn’t managed, the blood will have non-compatible amounts of both gases. When we breathe in oxygen, air travels down the windpipe (trachea), before reaching the lungs. Once in the lungs, the inhaled oxygen travels through continuously downsizing branch-like structures, called bronchioles, eventually reaching tiny sacs called alveoli. The closer to the lung tissue, the smaller the bronchi. After reaching the alveoli, the oxygen we breathe enters the blood by nearby vessels. This is called oxygen diffusion.
- The opposite is true for carbon dioxide, because carbon diffuses into the alveoli from the blood, the other way around. After going through the whole body, carbon dioxide needs to be released as it of no use to the body. In the act of exhalation, carbon dioxide goes up the bronchioles and leaves the body through the act of exhalation
- The opposite is true for carbon dioxide, because carbon diffuses into the alveoli from the blood, the other way around. After going through the whole body, carbon dioxide needs to be released as it of no use to the body. In the act of exhalation, carbon dioxide goes up the bronchioles and leaves the body through the act of exhalation
What is The Respiratory System Composed of?
- Lungs, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
How Does The Respiratory System React to Stimuli?
- When the brain tells the lungs to contract and breathe and tells the diaphragm and ribs to move up and down, it is a response to internal stimuli. A form of external stimuli to the respiratory system is how the brain and lungs can feel for toxic chemicals in the air, causing a reflexive response to cover the face and filter the air, so the bloodstream remains oxygenated.
What is so Interesting About The Respiratory System?
- The respiratory system allows oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream, which in turn keeps you alive, since oxygen reaching the body's cells is vital for survival.
Circulatory
What is The Circulatory System?
-The circulatory system is the system that circulates blood and lymph the body.
How Does it Work?
- Cycle of blood:
- Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior (upper body) and inferior (lower body) vena cava
- Blood from right atrium passes through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- Right ventricle contracts and pumps blood into pulmonary artery that goes to lungs to have hemoglobin become oxygenated
- Oxygenated blood enters left atrium through pulmonary veins
- Blood from left atrium passes through mitral valve into left ventricle
- Left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into aortic valve
- Blood passes through aortic valve into the bodies blood vessels
- Blood flows to organs and tissues for hemoglobin to release oxygen
- Repeat
What is The Circulatory System Composed of?
- The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands
How Does The Circulatory System React to Stimuli?
- When an organ or tissue is responding to stimuli, the instinctual decision of the body is to take in more air. This sends a signal to a heart to pump more blood to the organs and tissues.
What is so Interesting About The Circulatory System?
- I think whats most interesting is how the heart is also a muscle, but it isn't attached to the rest of the body like the quadriceps, for example.
Excretory
What is The Excretory System?
- The excretory system is responsible for getting rid of chemical and gaseous waste from the blood
How Does it Work?
What is The Excretory System Composed of?
- The excretory system is composed of the liver, kidneys, the ureters, bladder and urethra. The liver takes toxic ammonia and converts it into something less toxic and less harmful substance called urea. The kidneys filter the blood and straining unwanted urea, water, and other salts producing urine. Ureters have long tubes to connect the kidney to the bladder and the bladder is a sac covered in tissue. When urine enters the bladder, the bladder expands and when it is full, the bladder muscles contracts and pushes the urine out through the urethra.
How Does The Excretory System React to Stimuli?
-The kidneys keep the proper amount of water in your blood so if you drink a lot of water, your kidneys ejects more water and that can produce lots of urine. When you drink way too much water your bladder will push the urine out but if you need to hold it in, it can expose your body easily to bacteria resulting in a bladder infection.
What is so Interesting About The Excretory System?
-The excretory system is so interesting because it is the thing that gets rid of waste and it can keep you away from diseases and toxic waste. The fact that your body can filter blood is also really cool and how you can literally convert toxic waste into a less harmful substance.
-The excretory system is so interesting because it is the thing that gets rid of waste and it can keep you away from diseases and toxic waste. The fact that your body can filter blood is also really cool and how you can literally convert toxic waste into a less harmful substance.
Nervous
What is The Nervous System?
- The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating the body functions.
How Does it Work?
- The nervous system receives sensory impulses from the organs through sensory nerve fibers, then the central nervous system (CNS) analyzes and interprets the information and then starts sending out motor impulses through the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which are directed to the muscles and glands which act on these impulses and causes the body to react.
What is The Nervous System Composed of and What do They Control?
- The nervous system is split into two subsystems: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The Peripheral Nervous system then is split into the somatic, enteric, and autonomic systems.
- The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most of the bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, memory, speech, and thoughts. The spinal cord is connected to the brain and is protected by the vertebrae of the spine. The spinal cord carries signals and nerves back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body.
- The Peripheral Nervous System is all the parts of the nervous system that's outside of the CNS. It’s made up of nerves that send and receive signals from the CNS. It is composed of three subsystems, the somatic, enteric, and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is in control of body movements that is under our control, such as walking. The autonomic nervous system is in control of involuntary body functions, such as digestion. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system are made to prepare the body for the flight or fight response. The nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system calms the body down after the sympathetic nervous systems were used. The enteric nervous system is a self functioning system that exists in the gastrointestinal system. The PNS is made up of sympathetic chain, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medulla.
- The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most of the bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, memory, speech, and thoughts. The spinal cord is connected to the brain and is protected by the vertebrae of the spine. The spinal cord carries signals and nerves back and forth between the brain and the rest of the body.
- The Peripheral Nervous System is all the parts of the nervous system that's outside of the CNS. It’s made up of nerves that send and receive signals from the CNS. It is composed of three subsystems, the somatic, enteric, and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is in control of body movements that is under our control, such as walking. The autonomic nervous system is in control of involuntary body functions, such as digestion. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system are made to prepare the body for the flight or fight response. The nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system calms the body down after the sympathetic nervous systems were used. The enteric nervous system is a self functioning system that exists in the gastrointestinal system. The PNS is made up of sympathetic chain, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medulla.
What is a Neuron?
- A neuron is a cell that carries electrical impulses to and from the CNS to the rest of the body. A neuron is composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
How Does The Nervous System React to Stimuli?
- The person's response to a stimulus is coordinated by the CNS. Receptors around the body responds to the stimulus and sends impulses through sensory neurons that go to the CNS. The CNS then gathers information and responds to the stimulus, which the CNS then sends impulses through the motor neurons to the effectors, which tell the body to do a certain response.
What is so Interesting About The Nervous System?
- I think what's interesting about the nervous system is the name and how it came to be.
- I think what's interesting about the nervous system is the name and how it came to be.
Resources/References:
- Excretory system. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/excretory_system.htm
- Human biology | Science. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology
- How the Body Works : The Anatomy of the Central Nervous Syst. (2007, August 03). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/cqvoV4R7T2g
- Anatomy and physiology of the nervous system - Canadian Cancer Society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13, 2018, from http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/neuroblastoma/neuroblastoma/the-nervous-system/?region=on
- Mandal, A. (2018, October 10). What is the Nervous System? Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-the-Nervous-System.aspx
- Rettner, R. (2016, March 10). The Human Body: Anatomy, Facts & Functions. Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html
- Toro, R. (2013, February 04). Diagram of the Human Respiratory System (Infographic). Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://www.livescience.com/26825-human-body-system-respiration-infographic.html
- Brennan kuehl the respiratory system. (2014, April 21). The Respiratory System's Response to Stimuli. Retrieved December 13, 2018, from http://brennankuehltherespiratorysystem.tumblr.com/post/83394197596/the-respiratory-systems-response-to-stimuli
- Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Biology. Retrieved December 13, 2018, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/digestive-system-regulation/
- Barker, K., & Booth, C. (2015). Science in action 8. Alberta Education, Learning Resources Centre, Specialized Services for Students with Visual Impairment.
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